By 1969, airline simulators were developed where hydraulic actuators controlled each axis of motion, and simulators began to be built with six degrees of freedom (roll, pitch, yaw for angular motion and surge, heave and sway for longitudinal, vertical and lateral translation). It provided 3 degrees (angle) of pitch, roll, and yaw, but by 1964, improved, compact versions increased this to 10 degrees angle. In 1954, General Precision Inc., later part of Singer Corporation, developed a motion simulator which housed a cockpit within a metal framework. The use of digital computers for flight simulation began in the 1960s. Naturally only limited areas of the ground were able to be simulated in this manner, usually just the area around an airport or, in military simulators, typical terrain and sometimes targets. The camera responded to pilot control actions and the display changed in response. A camera was "flown" over the model terrain and the picture displayed to the pilot. The early visual systems used an actual small model of the terrain. Full motion systems came in starting in the late 1950s.Ī mock-up terrain visual system of the T元9 simulator Although there was no motion modeling or visual display, the entire cockpit and instruments worked, and crews found it very effective. In 1948, Curtiss-Wright delivered a trainer for the Stratocruiser to Pan American, the first complete simulator owned by an airline. In the 1940s, analog computers were used to solve the equations of flight, resulting in the first electronic simulators. The Celestial Navigation Trainer of 1941, was a massive structure 13.7 meter (m) (45 feet (ft)) high and capable of accommodating an entire bomber crew learning how to fly night missions. They were still in use in several Air Forces into the 1960s and early 1970s. Some 10,000 Link Trainers were used in the 1939-45 war to train new pilots of allied nations. The world flight simulation industry was born. Army Air Force purchased four Link Trainers in 1934, after a series of fatal accidents in instrument flight. After a period, where not much interest was shown by professional aviation, the U.S. It was designed for the teaching of Instrument (cloud) flying in a less hazardous and less expensive environment than the aircraft. This had a pneumatic motion platform driven by bellows giving pitch, roll, and yaw, on which a replica generic cockpit was mounted. The best-known was the Link Trainer, produced by Edwin Link in the U.S. A number of electro-mechanical devices were tried during World War I and thereafter.
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